Extreme Differences of Extremes

I was encouraged to see that I wasn’t the only person fascinated by weather extremes in So Hot, So Cold. Reader “zxo” had been thinking along similar lines a few months ago and created a series of related maps. One of those compared the differences between the highest and lowest temperatures recorded in each state. Check it out. It even showed the approximate location of each state record. I’ll use that as the basis for the remainder of this article. Thanks for the inspiration, zxo.

The Weather Channel took a similar tack in July 2013 [link no longer available]. They had the ability to produce prettier graphics with professional equipment. Nonetheless, I still found zxo’s all-encompassing map more useful than trying to scroll through a strip of fifty images. Even so the Weather Channel did provide three fairly intuitive reasons to account for states with the most extreme differences of extremes:

  • A wide range of elevations, for example California. I talked about that in an earlier 12MC article.
  • A long distance from large bodies of water that tend to moderate temperatures.
  • Latitude. Variability increases as one moves away from the equator. That provides additional hours of sunlight in summer and longer nighttimes in winter

As before, I’ll use Wikipedia’s chart of U.S. state temperature extremes. I’ve noticed slight variations between this list and some others I’ve consulted on the Intertubes. But I’m unable to compare these against the official list at National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration due to the government shutdown (October 2013). Therefore I’ll have to consider Wikipedia close enough as a proxy and plow forward.


Alaska

Fort Yukon Sign. Photo by Kirk Crawford; (CC BY-NC-SA 2.0)

My rule of thumb is to begin with Alaska reflexively whenever I play “guess the state.” It seems to be the one that provides the geo-oddity answer more often than not. It would appear to score very high on all three factors for this exercise too, ranging from sea level in many places up to 20,237 ft (6,168 m) at Denali; having parts of the state hundreds of miles distant from the nearest shoreline due to its immense size; and featuring latitudes farther removed from the equator than anywhere else in the nation.

As expected, Alaska scored very well with an extreme temperature range of 180°F (100°F / 38°C at Fort Yukon on June 27, 1915 and -80°F / -62°C at Prospect Creek on January 23, 1971). However it’s not the champion, nor does it even capture second place.


Montana

Would you believe… Montana? That’s surprising. Sure, one would expect it to score high on all three criteria although I didn’t expect it to beat Alaska, and rather convincingly too. Montana’s difference of extremes was an astounding 187°F. The mercury rose to 117°F / 47°C most recently on July 5, 1937, at Medicine Lake, and previously at Glendive in July 1893. Both of those places are found at the far eastern edge of the state, a semi-arid extension of the Great Plains baked by searing summer heat.

Medicine Lake. Photo by Chris M Morris; (CC BY 2.0)
Medicine Lake

The etymology of Montana traces to the Spanish word Montaña referring to a mountainous area, and there are plenty of impressive elevations on the western side of the state. It was at Rogers Pass where Montana set its lowest temperature extreme on January 20, 1954, a bone-chilling -70°F / -57°C. Rogers Pass is actually one of the lower elevations through Montana’s mountains and over the Continental Divide (5,610 ft / 1,710 m) — that’s why it’s called a pass! — so one can only imagine what the temperature would have hit had it been recorded on any of the nearby summits another thousand feet up, instead.


North Dakota

North Dakota scored higher than Alaska too, at “only” 181°F difference. The state recorded 121°F / 49°C on July 6, 1936 at Steele and -60°F / -51°C on February 15, 1936 at Parshall. Hawaii, perhaps more obviously, recorded the least amount of difference, a mere 83°F. Hawaii was also the only state that had never recorded a temperature below zero on the Fahrenheit scale.

All of these extreme thoughts led me to wonder about the maximum difference for a single location. Unfortunately there aren’t handy lists of such things available. My initial guess would be Fairbanks, Alaska, with a difference of 159°F (99°F / 37°C and -60°F / -51°C). Another site said 96°F and -62°F so who knows? It’s a big range, whichever source happens to be correct. Perhaps there are location even more extreme found elsewhere in Alaska, or maybe in Siberia or the Canadian Arctic?


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7 responses to “Extreme Differences of Extremes”

  1. January First-of-May Avatar
    January First-of-May

    In Verkhoyansk, a town in Yakutia (i.e. north-eastern Siberia), the lowest recorded temperature is -67.7°C (-90°F), and the highest is 37.3°C (99°F), which gives a range of 105°C (189°F). I’m reasonably sure that this is the maximum difference for a single location overall (excepting places in remote Siberia that didn’t have weather stations).
    I have no idea where the US, or for that matter North American, record is (other than it’s probably not Fairbanks).

  2. The Basement Geographer Avatar

    The answer is Oymyakon, Sakha Republic, Russia, in eastern Siberia, with a temperature range of 102.3 °C (184.1 °F). That’s a low of -67.7 °C (-90 °F) and a high of 34.6 °C (94 °F). The only other places with a temperature range over 100 °C (180 °F) are also in Sakha: Verkhoyansk, (which battles with Oymyakon for the title of ‘Pole of Cold’) and the capital, Yakutsk. A rather extreme place, to be sure.

  3. zxo Avatar
    zxo

    At least one town in northern Minnesota has got Fairbanks beat: Tower, with a range of 161°F (+101 and -60). But I’m betting some other location in Alaska or Montana can beat it.

    (PS, thanks for the mention!)

  4. Peter Avatar

    The next question is what places have the *smallest* difference between their hottest and coldest temperatures.

    1. January First-of-May Avatar
      January First-of-May

      Singapore has a high of 36.0°C (96.8°F) and a low of 19.4°C (66.9°F), so the difference is 16.6°C (29.9°F).
      I checked a few other tropical islands, and all have larger differences (if occasionally barely). I have suspicions that some places have smaller ones, but couldn’t find reliable sources for any.

  5. stan Avatar
    stan

    interesting that hawaii is the only state to have NOT recorded a 100 degree temperature

    1. January First-of-May Avatar
      January First-of-May

      It’s a bit confusing: Wikipedia list claims 98°F as the highest temperature recorded in Hawaii, and IIRC the source qouted there says the same thing, but almost all other sites say 100°F.
      I suppose that, if the shutdown ever ends, we could check the official government version 🙂 but until that, it’s confusing.

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